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Outdoor Alarm Siren With Strobe
General description
The primary difference between lidar and radar is that with lidar, much shorter wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum are used, typically in the ultraviolet, visible, or near infrared. In general it is possible to image a feature or object only about the same size as the wavelength, or larger. Thus lidar is highly sensitive to aerosols and cloud particles and has many applications in atmospheric research and meteorology.
An object needs to produce a dielectric discontinuity in order to reflect the transmitted wave. At radar (microwave or radio) frequencies, a metallic object produces a significant reflection. However non-metallic objects, such as rain and rocks produce weaker reflections and some materials may produce no detectable reflection at all, meaning some objects or features are effectively invisible at radar frequencies. This is especially true for very small objects (such as single molecules and aerosols).
Lasers provide one solution to these problems. The beam densities and coherency are excellent. Moreover the wavelengths are much smaller than can be achieved with radio systems, and range from about 10 micrometers to the UV (ca. 250 nm). At such wavelengths, the waves are "reflected" very well from small objects. This type of reflection is called backscattering. Different types of scattering are used for different lidar applications, most common are Rayleigh scattering, Mie scattering and Raman scattering as well as fluorescence. The wavelengths are ideal for making measurements of smoke and other airborne particles (aerosols), clouds, and air molecules.
A laser typically has a very narrow beam which allows the mapping of physical features with very high resolution compared with radar. In addition, many chemical compounds interact more strongly at visible wavelengths than at microwaves, resulting in a stronger image of these materials. Suitable combinations of lasers can allow for remote mapping of atmospheric contents by looking for wavelength-dependent changes in the intensity of the returned signal , control panel alarm .
Lidar has been used extensively for atmospheric research and meteorology. With the deployment of the GPS in the 1980's precision positioning of aircraft became possible. GPS based surveying technology has made airborne surveying and mapping applications possible and practical. Many have been developed, using downward-looking lidar instruments mounted in aircraft or satellites. A recent example is the NASA Experimental Advanced Research Lidar , personal security alarms .
Desig , edwards fire alarm .
A basic LIDAR system involves a laser range finder reflected by a rotating mirror (top). The laser is scanned around the scene being digitised, in one or two dimensions (middle), gathering distance measurements at specified angle intervals (bottom).
In general there are two kinds of lidar detection schema: "incoherent" or direct energy detection (which is principally an amplitude measurement) and Coherent detection (which is best for doppler, or phase sensitive measurements). Coherent systems generally use Optical heterodyne detection which being more sensitive than direct detection allows them to operate a much lower power but at the expense of more complex transceiver requirements.
In both coherent and incoherent LIDAR, there are two types of pulse models: micropulse lidar systems and high energy systems. Micropulse systems have developed as a result of the ever increasing amount of computer power available combined with advances in laser technology. They use considerably less energy in the laser, typically on the order of one microjoule, and are often "eye-safe," meaning they can be used without safety precautions. High-power systems are common in atmospheric research, where they are widely used for measuring many atmospheric parameters: the height, layering and densities of clouds, cloud particle properties (extinction coefficient, backscatter coefficient, depolarization), temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, trace gas concentration (ozone, methane, nitrous oxide, etc.).
There are several major components to a lidar system:
Laser 600-1000 nm lasers are most common for non-scientific applications. They are inexpensive but since they can be focused and easily absorbed by the eye the maximum power is limited by the need to make them eye-safe. Eye-safety is often a requirement for most applications. A common alternative 1550 nm lasers are eye-safe at much higher power levels since this wavelength is not focused by the eye, but the detector technology is less advanced and so these wavelengths are generally used at longer ranges and lower accuracies. They are also used for military applications as 1550 nm is not visible in night vision goggles unlike the shorter 1000 nm infrared laser. Airborne topographic mapping lidars generally use 1064 nm diode pumped YAG lasers, while bathymetric systems generally use 532 nm frequency doubled diode pumped YAG lasers because 532 nm penetrates water with much less attenuation than does 1064 nm. Laser settings include the laser repetition rate (which controls the data collection speed). Pulse length is generally an attribute of the laser cavity length, the number of passes required through the gain material (YAG, YLF, etc.), and Q-switch speed. Better target resolution is achieved with shorter pulses, provided the Lidar receiver detectors and electronics have sufficient bandwidth.
Scanner and optics How fast images can be developed is also affected by the speed at which it can be scanned into the system. There are several options to scan the azimuth and elevation, including dual oscillating plane mirrors, a combination with a polygon mirror, a dual axis scanner. Optic choices affect the angular resolution and range that can be detected. A hole mirror or a beam splitter are options to collect a return signal.
Photodetector and receiver electronics Two main photodetector technologies are used in lidars: solid state photodetectors, such as silicon avalanche photodiodes, or photomultipliers. The sensitivity of the receiver is another parameter that has to be balanced in a LIDAR design.
Position and navigation systems Lidar sensors that are mounted on mobile platforms such as airplanes or satellites require instrumentation to determine the absolute position and orientation of the sensor. Such devices generally include a Global Positioning System receiver and an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU).
Applications
This LIDAR-equipped mobile robot uses its LIDAR to construct a map and avoid obstacles.
Other than those applications mentioned above, there are a wide variety of applications of LIDAR.
Archaeology
LiDAR has many applications in the field of archaeology including aiding in the planning of field campaigns, mapping features beneath forest canopy, and providing an overview of broad, continuous features that may be indistinguishable on the ground. LiDAR can also provide archaeologists with the ability to create high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) of archaeological sites that can reveal micro-topography that are otherwise hidden by vegetation. LiDAR-derived products can be easily integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS) for analysis and interpretation. For example at Fort Beausejour - Fort Cumberland National Historic Site, Canada, previously undiscovered archaeological features have been mapped that are related to the siege of the Fort in 1755. Features that could not be distinguished on the ground or through aerial photography were identified by overlaying hillshades of the DEM created with artificial illumination from various angles. With LiDAR the ability to produce high-resolution datasets quickly and relatively cheaply can be an advantage. Beyond efficiency, its ability to penetrate forest canopy has led to the discovery of features that were not distinguishable through traditional geo-spatial methods and are difficult to reach through field surveys.
Meteorology
The first LIDARs were used for studies of atmospheric composition, structure, clouds, and aerosols. Initially based on ruby lasers, LIDARs for meteorological applications were constructed shortly after the invention of the laser and represent one of the first applications of laser technology.
Elastic backscatter LIDAR is the simplest type of lidar and is typically used for studies of aerosols and clouds. The backscattered wavelength is identical to the transmitted wavelength, and the magnitude of the received signal at a given range depends on the backscatter coefficient of scatterers at that range and the extinction coefficients of the scatterers along the path to that range. The extinction coefficient is typically the quantity of interest.
Differential Absorption LIDAR (DIAL) is used for range-resolved measurements of a particular gas in the atmosphere, such as ozone, carbon dioxide, or water vapor. The LIDAR transmits two wavelengths: an "on-line" wavelength that is absorbed by the gas of interest and an off-line wavelength that is not absorbed. The differential absorption between the two wavelengths is a measure of the concentration of the gas as a function of range. DIAL LIDARs are essentially dual-wavelength elastic backscatter LIDARS.
Raman LIDAR is also used for measuring the concentration of atmospheric gases, but can also be used to retrieve aerosol parameters as well. Raman LIDAR exploits inelastic scattering to single out the gas of interest from all other atmospheric constituents. A small portion of the energy of the transmitted light is deposited in the gas during the scattering process,...

Photoelectric Smoke Detector / Smoke Alarm
Operation
Eddy current
An eddy-current speedometer gauge on a car, showing the speed of the vehicle in kilometres per hour. Also shown is the tachometer, which displays the rate of rotation of the engine's crankshaft.
The eddy-current speedometer has been used for over a century and is still in widespread use. Until the 1980s and the appearance of electronic speedometers it was the only type commonly used.
Originally patented by a German, Otto Schulze on 7 October 1902, it uses a rotating flexible cable usually driven by gearing linked to the tail shaft (output) of the vehicle's transmission. The early Volkswagen Beetle and many motorcycles, however, use a cable driven from a front wheel , est fire alarm .
A small permanent magnet affixed to the rotating cable interacts with a small aluminum cup (called a speedcup) attached to the shaft of the pointer on the analogue instrument. As the magnet rotates near the cup, the changing magnetic field produces eddy currents in the cup, which themselves produce another magnetic field. The effect is that the magnet "drags" the cup, and thus the speedometer pointer, in the direction of its rotation with no mechanical connection between them , 2 way car alarms .
The pointer shaft is held toward zero by a fine spring. The torque on the cup increases with the speed of rotation of the magnet (which, recall, is driven by the car's transmission.) Thus an increase in the speed of the car will twist the cup and speedometer pointer against the spring. When the torque due to the eddy currents in the cup equals that provided by the spring on the pointer shaft, the pointer will remain motionless and pointing to the appropriate number on the speedometer's dial , cd player radio alarm .
The return spring is calibrated such that a given revolution speed of the cable corresponds to a specific speed indication on the speedometer. This calibration must take into account several factors, including ratios of the tailshaft gears that drive the flexible cable, the final drive ratio in the differential, and the diameter of the driven tires. The speedometer mechanism often also drives an odometer plus a small switch that sends pulses to the vehicle's engine computer.
Electronic
Many modern speedometers are electronic. A rotation sensor, usually mounted on the rear of the transmission, delivers a series of electronic pulses whose frequency corresponds to the rotational speed of the driveshaft. The sensor is typically a toothed metal disk positioned between a coil and a magnetic field sensor. As the disk turns, the teeth pass between the two, each time producing a pulse in the sensor as they affect the strength of the magnetic field it is measuring.
A computer converts the pulses to a speed and displays this speed on an electronically-controlled, analog-style needle or a digital display. Pulse counts may also be used to increment the odometer.
Another early form of electronic speedometer relies upon the interaction between a precision watch mechanism and a mechanical pulsator driven by the car's wheel or transmission. The watch mechanism endeavors to push the speedometer pointer toward zero, while the vehicle-driven pulsator tries to push it toward infinity. The position of the speedometer pointer reflects the relative magnitudes of the outputs of the two mechanisms.
Error
Most speedometers have tolerances of some 10% plus or minus due to wear on tires as it occurs. Additional sources of error are tire diameter variations due to temperature, pressure, vehicle load, and nominal tire size.
Modern speedometers are said to be accurate within 10% but as this is legislated accuracy, this may not be entirely correct. This can make it difficult to accurately stay on the speed limits imposed; most countries allow for this known variance when using RADAR to measure speed, although levels of some 3 km/h or 3% are also used in areas of tough enforcement. This causes many arguments due to motorists complaining that they were not doing the speed as reported. Revenue is being increasingly blamed for these stricter measures. There are strict United Nations standards in place but it seems not being enforced leaving this matter in limbo for many countries. Excessive speedometer error after manufacture can come from several causes but most commonly is due to nonstandard tire diameter, in which case the
percent error = 100x("standard diameter"/"new diameter" - 1).
Nearly all tires now have their size shown as "T/A_W" on the side of the tire (See: Tire code), and the tire's
diameter in inches = TxA/1270 + W.
For example, a standard tire is "185/70R14" with diameter = 185x70/1270 + 14 = 24.20 in. Another is "195/50R15" with 195x50/1270 + 15 = 22.68 in. Replacing the first tire (and wheels) with the second (on 15" wheels), a speedometer reads 24.19/22.68 = 1.0670 times the correct speed or 6.7% too high.
International agreements
In many countries the legislated error in speedometer readings is ultimately governed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Regulation 39 which covers those aspects of vehicle type approval which relate to speedometers. The main purpose of the UNECE regulations is to facilitate trade in motor vehicles by agreeing uniform type approval standards rather than requiring a vehicle model to undergo different approval processes in each country in which it is to be sold.
European Union member states must also grant type approval to vehicles meeting similar EU standards. The ones covering speedometers are similar to the UNECE regulation in that they specify that:
The indicated speed must never be less than the actual speed, i.e. it should not be possible to inadvertently speed because of an incorrect speedometer reading.
The indicated speed must not be more than 110 percent of the true speed plus 4 km/h at specified test speeds. For example, at 80 km/h, the indicated speed must be no more than 92 km/h.
The standards specify both the limits on accuracy and many of the details of how it should be measured during the approvals process, for example that the test measurements should be made (for most vehicles) at 40, 80 and 120 km/h, and at a particular ambient temperature. There are slight differences between the different standards, for example in the minimum accuracy of the equipment measuring the true speed of the vehicle.
The UNECE regulation relaxes the requirements for vehicles mass produced following type approval. The upper limit on indicated speed is increased to 110 percent plus 6 km/h for cars, buses, trucks and similar vehicles, and 110 percent plus 8 km/h for two or three wheeled vehicles which have a maximum speed above 50 km/h (or a cylinder capacity, if powered by a heat engine, of more than 50 cc). European Union Directive 2000/7/EC, which relates to two and three wheeled vehicles, provides similar slightly relaxed limits in production.
Australia
All vehicles manufactured on or after 1 July 2007, and all models of vehicle introduced on or after 1 July 2006, must conform to UNECE Regulation 39.
The speedometers in vehicles manufactured before these dates but after 1 July 1995 (or 1 January 1995 for forward control passenger vehicles and off-road passenger vehicles) must conform to the previous Australian design rule. This specifies that they need only display the speed to an accuracy of +/- 10% at speeds above 40 km/h, and there is no specified accuracy at all for speeds below 40 km/h. There is also the added problem of cars not complying with the United Nations standards, being imported and allowed to be registered, making the situation even more complicated. This needs further investigation.
State assemblies may also set their own requirements but (as of 2004) none specified tighter limits on the accuracy. This has caused some controversy since it would be possible for a driver to be unaware that he is speeding should his vehicle be fitted with an under-reading speedometer.
United Kingdom
A speedometer showing mph and km/h along with an odometer and a separate 'trip' odometer (both showing distance traveled in miles).
The amended Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1986 permits the use of speedometers that meet either the requirements of EC Council Directive 75/443 (as amended by Directive 97/39) or UNECE Regulation 39.
The Motor Vehicles (Approval) Regulations 2001 permits single vehicles to be approved. As with the UNECE regulation and the EC Directives, the speedometer must never show an indicated speed less than the actual speed. However it differs slightly from them in specifying that for all actual speeds between 25 mph and 70 mph (or the vehicles' maximum speed if it is lower that this), the indicated speed must not exceed 110% of the actual speed, plus 6.25 mph.
For example, if the vehicle is actually travelling at 50 mph, the speedometer must not show more than 61.25 mph or less than 50 mph. There is also the added problem of cars not complying with the United Nations standards, being imported and allowed to be registered, making the situation even more complicated. This needs further investigation.
United States
As of 1997, Federal standards in the United States allowed a maximum 5% error on speedometer readings (per "Auto Tutor", American Automobile Association of California magazine, Oct. 17, 1997). Aftermarket modifications, such as different tire and wheel sizes or different differential gearing, can cause speedometer inaccuracy.
GPS
Main...

Mini Household Alarm
Applications
Application with vehicles
Automatic vehicle locating is a powerful concept for managing fleets of vehicles, as service vehicles, emergency vehicles, and especially precious construction equipment, also public transport vehicles (buses and trains). It is also used to track mobile assets, such as non wheeled construction equipment, non motorized trailers, and mobile power generators.
Application with vehicle drivers and crews
The other purpose of tracking is to provide graded service or to manage a large driver and crewing staff effectively. For example, suppose an ambulance fleet has an objective of arriving at the location of a call for service within six minutes of receiving the request. Using an AVL system allows to evaluate the locations of all vehicles in service with driver and other crew in order to pick the vehicle that will most likely arrive at the destination fastest, (meeting the service objective) , edwards fire alarm .
Types of system , personal protection alarm .
Configuration , audiovox alarm .
A typical AVL system would use terrestrial wireless communications already installed and then communicates simultaneously the locations of a vehicle to the manager of a fleet of vehicles.
Simple direction finding
Amateur radio and some cellular or PCS wireless systems use direction finding or triangulation of transmitter signals radiated by the mobile. This is sometimes called radio direction finding or RDF. The simplest forms of these systems calculate the bearing from two fixed sites to the mobile. This creates a triangle with endpoints at the two fixed points and the mobile. Trigonometry tells you roughly where the mobile transmitter is located. In wireless telephone systems, the phones transmit continually when off-hook, making continual tracking and the collection of many location samples possible. This is one type of location system required by Federal Communications Commission Rules for wireless Enhanced 911.
Former LORAN-based locating
Motorola offered a 1970s-era system based on the United States Coast Guard LORAN maritime navigation system. The LORAN system was intended for ships but signal levels on the US east- and west-coast areas were adequate for use with receivers in automobiles. The system may have been marketed under the Motorola model name Metricom. It consisted of an LF LORAN receiver and data interface box/modem connected to a separate two-way radio. The receiver and interface calculated a latitude and longitude in degrees, decimal degrees format based on the LORAN signals. This was sent over the radio as MDC-1200 or MDC-4800 data to a system controller, which plotted the mobile's approximate location on a map. The system worked reliably but sometimes had problems with electrical noise in urban areas. Sparking electric trolleys or industrial plants which radiated electrical noise sometime overwhelmed the LORAN signals, affecting the system's ability to determine the mobile's geolocation. Because of the limited resolution, this type of system was impractical for small communities or operational areas such as a pit mine or port.
Signpost systems
To track and locate vehicles along fixed routes, a technology called Signpost transmitters is employed. This is used on transit routes and rail lines where the vehicles to be tracked continually operated on the same linear route. A transponder or RFID chip along the vehicle route would be polled as the train or bus traverses its route. As each transponder was passed, the moving vehicle would query and receive an ack, or handshake, from the signpost transmitter. A transmitter on the mobile would report passing the signpost to a system controller. This allows supervision, a call center, or a dispatch center to monitor the progress of the vehicle and assess whether or not the vehicle was on schedule. These systems are an alternative inside tunnels or other conveyances where GPS signals are blocked by terrain.
Todays GPS-based locating
The low price and ubiquity of Global Positioning System or GPS equipment has lent itself to more accurate and reliable telelocation systems. GPS signals are impervious to most electrical noise sources and don't require the user to install an entire system. Only a receiver to collect signals from the satellite segment is installed in each vehicle and a radio to communicate the collected location data with a dispatch point.
Large private telelocation or AVL systems send data from GPS receivers in vehicles to a dispatch center over their private, user-owned radio backbone. These systems are used for businesses like parcel delivery and ambulances. Smaller systems which don't justify building a separate radio system use cellular or PCS data services to communicate location data from vehicles to their dispatching center. Location data is periodically polled from each vehicle in a fleet by a central controller or computer. In the simplest systems, data from the GPS receiver is displayed on a map allowing humans to determine the location of each vehicle. More complex systems feed the data into a computer assisted dispatch system which automates the process. For example, the computer assisted dispatch system may check the location of a call for service and then pick a list of the four closest ambulances. This narrows the dispatcher's choice from the entire fleet to an easier choice of four vehicles.
Some wireless carriers such as Nextel have decided GPS was the best way to provide the mandated location data for wireless Enhanced 9-1-1. Newer Nextel radios have embedded GPS receivers which are polled if 9-1-1 is dialed. The 9-1-1 center is provided with latitude and longitude from the radio's GPS receiver. In centers with computer assisted dispatch, the system may assign an address to the call based on these coordinates or may project an icon depicting the caller's location onto a map of the area.
Sensor-augmented AVL
The main purpose of using AVL is not only to locate the vehicles, but also to obtain information about engine data, fuel consumption, driver data and sensor data from i.e. doors, freezer room on trucks or air pressure. Such data can be obtained via the CAN-bus, via direct connections to AVL systems or via open bus systems such as UFDEX that both sends and receives data via SMS or GPRS in pure ASCII text format. Because most AVL consists of two parts, GPS and GSM modem with additional embedded AVL software contained in a microcontroller, most AVL systems are fixed for its purposes unless they connect to an open bus system for expansion possibilities.
With an open bus system the users can send invoices based on goods delivered with exact location, time and date data where if connected to scale, RFID or barcode readers, can make a fairly good automated system to avoid human errors.
Logbook functions
Another scenario for sensor functions is to connect the AVL to driver information, to collect data about driving time, stops, or even driver absence from the vehicle. If the driver/worker conditions is such as the hourly rates for driving and working outside is not the same, this can be monitored by sensors.[needs clarification]
Differentiating between Automatic Vehicle Location and Events Activated Tracking Systems
It might be helpful to draw a distinction between vehicle location systems which track automatically and vehicle location systems which track when triggered by an event. There is increasingly crossover between the different systems and those with experience of this sector will be able to draw on a number of examples which break the rule.
A.V.L (Automatic Vehicle Location) This type of vehicle tracking is normally used in the fleet or driver management sector. The unit is configured to automatically transmit it location at a set time interval, e.g. every 5 minutes. The unit is activated when the ignition is switched on/off.
E.A.T.S (Events Activated Tracking system) This type of system is primarily used in connection with vehicle or driver security solutions. If, for example a thief breaks into your car and attempts to steal it, the tracking system can be triggered by the immobiliser unit or motion sensor being activated. A monitoring bureau, will then be automatically notified that the unit has been activated and begin tracking the vehicle.
Some products on the market are a hybrid of both AVL and EATS technology. However industry practice has tended to lean towards a separation of these functions. It is worth taking note that vehicle tracking products tend to fall in to one, not both of the technologies.
AVL technology is predominately used when applying vehicle tracking to fleet or driver management solutions. The use of Automatic Vehicle Location is given in the following scenario; A car breaks down by the side of the road and the occupant calls a vehicle recovery company. The vehicle recovery company has several vehicles operating in the area. Without needing to call each driver to check his location the dispatcher can pinpoint the nearest recovery vehicle and assign it to the new job. If you were to incorporate the other aspects of vehicle telematics into this scenario; the dispatcher, rather than phoning the recovery vehicle operative, could transmit the job details directly to the operative mobile data device, who would then use the in-vehicle satellite navigation to aid his journey to the job.
EATS technology is predominately used when applying vehicle tracking to vehicle security solutions. An example of this distinction is given in the following scenario; A construction company owns some pieces of plant machinery that are...

Intelligent Swimming Pool Alarm
How radar guns work
Radar guns are, in their most simple form, radio transmitters and receivers. They send out a radio signal, then receive the same signal back as it bounces off the objects. However, the radar frequency is different when it comes back, and from that difference the radar gun can calculate object speed.
A radar beam is similar to a beam of light in that it spreads out as the distance from the signal origin increases. The signal then bounces off objects in the path of the beam and are reflected back to the gun. The gun uses the doppler effect to calculate the speed of the object in the beam's path. Using a comparison of frequency shift between received images instead of the frequency shift between sent and received frequencies creates what is known as moving radar, the radar must be stationary to measure speed.
All bands of radar work the differently; they operate on different frequencies, they are very complicated. X band guns are becoming less common due to the fact the beam is strong and easily detectable. Also, most automatic doors utilize radio waves on X band and can possibly affect the readings of police radar. As a result K band and Ka band are most commonly used by police agencies.
Traffic radar comes in many models. There are hand held, stationary and moving radar instruments. Hand held units are mostly battery powered, and for the most part are used as stationary speed enforcement tools. Stationary radar is mounted in police vehicles, and may have one or two antennas. These are employed when the vehicle is parked. Moving radar is employed, as the name implies, when the police vehicle is in motion. These devices are very sophisticated, able to track vehicles approaching and receding both in front of and behind the patrol vehicle. They can also track the fastest vehicle in the selected radar beam, front or rear.
Problems with radar guns
Although radar is an effective tool to acquire an object's speed, there are problems with it. Today's technology is relatively effective and error free so most inaccurate speed measurements are caused by the user.
For speed to be accurately calculated, the object whose speed is desired ideally should be the only moving object in the beam of the radar. If this is not the case, as in a police officer monitoring speed on a stretch of busy road, more articulation is needed in testifying to a particular vehicle's speed.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), in cooperation with the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) has developed a training program for the operation of police traffic radar. This curriculum provides radar instrument operators with the skills required to properly set up, test, and operate to identify targets. It also provides the operators with information regarding state and local laws and ordinances which apply to the user's jurisdiction. This training, while strongly recommended, is not mandatory in some states. Other states require the successful completion of this training and issue a certificate of completion.
Police officers are also trained in the practice of visual estimation of speed and distance, and the radar is thus used as a verification of the visual estimation. In addition, it is easy enough to testify that the vehicle in the offside lane was passing vehicles in the nearside lane, and is therefore the vehicle whose speed is showing on the readout as traveling above the posted limit.
The angle in which the object is in relation to the radar source can also affect the reading. This phenomenon is known as the Cosine Effect. Interference in the RADAR band by cellular phones, transmitters of other kinds, power wires, high tension wires, signs and even stationary walls can create erroneous readings.[dubious discuss][citation needed] This is not taken into account when a photo RADAR is used and numerous discrepancies can creep in.
Radar works by emitting invisible electromagnetic waves at a certain frequency, rather than visible light. In shining a light beam from a flash light over an object, the light is reflected by objects, allowing a person to see the object in the dark. The same principle applies to radar beams. Radar emits microwaves, which will reflect off most metallic objects, concrete, trees, wood etc. It will however go through grass, bushes etc, just like light will go though glass and transparent objects , girls rash guard .
The radar unit uses an antenna to "read" the microwave that is reflected back from an object (such as a car). If the microwave from the radar hits a moving target, the waves' frequency will change based on the "doppler shift" principle. With the reflected wave's changed frequency, and the known frequency that the radar emits, the computer inside the radar unit will be able to calculate the target speed. Note that radar cannot determine the target speed when the target is traveling perpendicular to the radar beam, since there will be no doppler shift relative to the radar antenna , front bumper guard .
However, there are many shortcomings to traffic radar. First of all, radar is prone to interference. The radar's antenna will accept any microwave that it is able to "hear". The antenna might not be "hearing" the waves which originated from its own unit. High voltage power lines, telephone lines, power stations, even neon lights emit electromagnetic waves. The specific source of the wave cannot be identified. Secondly, radar cannot determine which target reflected off the waves. If there are two cars both travelling in a close proximity, either car could be responsible for the resulting radar reading. Identifying the target is a job left to the radar operator, who frequently makes mistakes. At a distance of 200m, the width of the radar beam can usually cover all 4 lanes of traffic travelling in both direction, causing a large error in determining which car is responsible for the radar reading. Even if there is only one vehicle on the road, radar has a typical range of approximately 400m (1200 feet), which is beyond the visual range of most human eyes. The radar might be clocking a speeder at a distance of 300m, but the officer can only see an innocent driver coming towards him at a distance of 100m , motorcycle alarms .
Furthermore, radar does not necessarily pick up the fastest moving object. The strongest return signal can be affected by a number of different factors, such as the target's size, the cross-sectional area facing the radar antenna, its relative speed and the distance from the radar unit. For example, if a Corvette is travelling at 80 km/h 50m from the radar, and a truck is speeding 110 km/h at 2000m away, the radar may pick up the return signal from the truck and register a speed of 110 km/h. The officer however might think that the Corvette is the one responsible for the violation and therefore issues an undeserved ticket. In addition, when traffic radar is used near an international airport, the radar will pick up the return signals from airborne objects. In this case, extremely fast speeds such as 300-400 km/h will be registered on the radar. Even if an aircraft is flying at a few km away, the radar will still be capable to pick up the return signal since an aircraft is much greater in size and has much faster speed than any ground vehicle.
There are radar units which can identify multiple targets, determine their speeds, range, shape, altitude, direction of travel etc., but these radar units cost millions of dollars and are properties of the military and airports. Traffic radar units have to be cheap, small, and thus error-prone.
There is a variation of traffic radar, which is called moving radar. It works in essentially the same way as the type described above (stationary radar), with the exception that moving radar is used when the police car is moving (for the purpose of highway patrol, for example). There are two readouts on the radar unit, one shows the target speed, one shows the police car speed. The strongest return signal, usually reflected from highway signs, bridges or other objects, is assumed to be the police car speed. The next strongest signal, is assumed to be from the target. Since the target speed will only be relative to the police car speed, therefore by adding the police car speed to the relative target speed, one will get the absolute speed of the target. Moving radar is subject to all the errors stationary radar has, plus the error of determining the speed of the police car.
There is another type of traffic radar, which is photo radar. Photo radar is used in many other provinces and in the States. Strictly speaking, photo radar is not a variation of traditional radar. It is basically a stationary radar with the capability of taking photos. Photo radar is never used in moving mode. A police officer often sets up the photo radar on the shoulder of a highway, pointing the radar towards oncoming traffic. The radar unit is often hidden in a vehicle like a minivan. A camera is mounted on top of the vehicle and connected to the radar unit and will take readings without the control of the police officer. The radar will monitor traffic speed continuously, if a violation speed above the threshold speed is detected, the camera will automatically take a picture of the violating vehicle's license plate. At the end of the day, all the pictures will be developed, and a ticket will be mailed to the respective registered owners of the vehicles.
Radar is not infallible as most people and courts believe. Although the technology has advanced a lot during the years, and the radar units have become more and more user friendly, radar still...

48"4folded poker table top with 3-in-1 casino game set e FinePix S7000 is a 6.3 megapixel digital camera manufactured by Fujifilm. It features 6x optical zoom, and can take images up to a maximum size of 4,048 x 3,040 pixels. This 12.3 megapixel resolution (the native output of the CCD) is a result of the unique configuration of the Fuji Super CCD sensor. Although nowhere near as good as a real 12 megapixel sensor is does achieve a resolution approximately equivalent to a 9 megapixel sensor.
It has dual memory slots. The first supports xD-Picture Card, and the 2nd supports Microdrives up to 2GB, Compact Flash Type II as well as some Compact Flash Type I cards.
A limited selection of lenses is available, and generic 52 mm filters can be used with a 55 mm-52 mm step-down adaptor ring , roulette wheel set .
This product article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it , ink cartridge chip .
Categories: Brand name products stubs | Camera stubs | Digital cameras | Fujifilm camerasHidden categories: All articles needing style editing | Wikipedia articles needing style editing from February 2009 | Articles lacking sources from December 2008 | All articles lacking source , unlock sim cards .

Gp-405 Air Vacuum And Blow Kit you are familiar with the content of the external links, please help by removing promotional links in accordance with Wikipedia:External links. (You can help!) (Jul 09)
ModelCo is a cosmetics company based in Sydney, Australia, and Hong Kong.
History
ModelCo was launched in 2002 by former modeling agent Shelley Barrett (then Shelley Williams). For 10 years Barrett had been running a modeling agency known as Shelley's Management Group. In May 2002 ModelCo launched the Lash Wand Heated Eyelash Curler and Erase Those Fine Lines with spokesperson Elle McPhearson.
ModelCo has developed and launched over 125 products, including Tan Airbrush in a Can, Liquid Buds, More Brows and Wonderfull Lip Plumper. The products are branded with a bright pink colour scheme.
The company today
ModelCo claims many celebrity customers, including Kylie Minogue, Lindsay Lohan and Sienna Miller.[citation needed]
ModelCo is distributed throughout Australia & New Zealand; Europe, Asia, the United States and the Middle East. In Australia ModelCo is stocked in David Jones stores nationally. Internationally their products can be found in stores such as London Space.NK, Colette and Le Printemps in Paris, and Sony Plaza in Japan.
v  d  e
Cosmetics
Product , mill carbide .
Lips: Lip gloss  Lip liner  Lip plumper  Lipstic , hack saw blade .
Face: Concealer  Foundation  Face powder  Rouge  Bindi  Thanaka  Tilaka  Cleanser-Toner-Moisturize , 4 adjustable wrench .
Eyes: Eye liner  Eye shadow  Kohl  Mascara
Other: Shampoo-Conditioner-Styling cream  Nail polish   Anti-aging cream  Body powder  Cold cream  Sindoor
Ingredients
International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients  List of ingredients
Related topics
Cosmetic advertising  Beauty salon  Spa  Cosmetology  History of cosmetics
Treatments
Cosmetic surgery  Botox  Facial  Bleaching  Manicure  Pedicure  Hair removal ( Waxing - Threading )  Hair styling
Major brands
Almay  American Beauty  Anoo's  Artistry  Aveda  Avon  Bath & Body Works  Biotherm  Bobbi Brown  The Body Shop  Bonne Bell  Burt's Bees  Cargo  Carol's Daughter  Clarins  Clinique  CoverGirl  Creme 21  Daigaku Honyaku Center  Dr. Hauschka  Eden Allure  Elizabeth Arden  Este Lauder  Faberg  Hard Candy  Helena Rubinstein  Kanebo Ltd.  Kao Corporation  Kevyn Aucoin  Kiehl's  Lancme  Laneige  Laura Mercier  Lise Watier  L'Oral  L'occitane  Love Cosmetics  Lush  MAC Cosmetics  Mary Kay  Max Factor  Maybelline  ModelCo  Nars  Natural Wonder  Neal's Yard Remedies  Neutrogena  Nexxus  Nivea  Open Sundaes  Oriflame  Origins  Red Earth  Revlon  Richard Hudnut  Rimmel  Sephora  Shiseido  Shu Uemura  SK-II  Stila  Tom Ford Beauty  Trish McEvoy  Ulta  Urban Decay  Vichy  Victoria's Secret  Wella
Categories
Chemicals  Companies  People  History
External links
www.modelco.com.au
Categories: Cosmetics companiesHidden categories: Wikipedia spam cleanup | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007

Microfiber MOP, Mops,Cleaning Tools,Home Products,Microfiber
U.S. Radium Corporation
Main article: United States Radium Corporation
From 1917 to 1926, U.S. Radium Corporation was engaged in the extraction and purification of radium from carnotite ore to produce luminous paints, which were marketed under the brand name 'Undark'. As a defense contractor, U.S. Radium was a major supplier of radioluminescent watches to the military. Their plant in New Jersey employed over a hundred workers, mainly women, to paint radium-lit watch faces and instruments.
Radiation exposure
The Radium Girls saga holds an important place in the history of both the field of health physics and the labor rights movement. The U.S. Radium Corporation hired some 70 women to perform various tasks including the handling of radium, while the owners and their scientists familiar with the effects of radium carefully avoided any exposure to it themselves; chemists at the plant used lead screens, masks and tongs. An estimated 4,000 workers were hired by corporations in the U.S. and Canada to paint watch faces with radium , broom mop .
They mixed glue, water and radium powder, and then used camel hair brushes to apply the glowing paint onto dial numbers. The going rate, for painting 250 dials a day, was about a penny and a half per dial. The brushes would lose shape after a few strokes, so the U.S. Radium supervisors encouraged their workers to point the brushes with their lips, or use their tongues to keep them sharp. For fun, the Radium Girls painted their nails, teeth and faces with the deadly paint produced at the factory, sometimes to surprise their boyfriends when the lights went out , cleaning scrubber .
Radiation sicknes , anti bacterial wipes .
Many of the women later began to suffer from anemia, bone fractures and necrosis of the jaw, a condition now known as radium jaw. It is thought that the x-ray machines used by the medical investigators may have contributed to some of the sickened workers ill-health by subjecting them to additional radiation. It turned out at least one of the examinations was a ruse, part of a campaign of disinformation started by the defense contractor. U.S. Radium and other watch-dial companies rejected claims that the afflicted workers were suffering from exposure to radium. For some time, doctors, dentists, and researchers complied with requests from the companies not to release their data. At the urging of the companies, worker deaths were attributed by medical professionals to other causes; syphilis was often cited in attempts to smear the reputations of the women.
Significance
Litigation
The story of the abuse perpetrated against the workers is distinguished from most such cases by the fact that the ensuing litigation was covered widely by the media. Plant worker Grace Fryer decided to sue, but it took two years for her to find a lawyer willing to take on U.S. Radium. A total of five factory workers, dubbed the Radium Girls, joined the suit. The litigation and media sensation surrounding the case established legal precedents and triggered the enactment of regulations governing labor safety standards, including a baseline of 'provable suffering'.
Historical impact
The right of individual workers to sue for damages from corporations due to labor abuse was established as a result of the Radium Girls case. In the wake of the case, industrial safety standards were demonstrably enhanced for many decades.[citation needed]
The case was settled in the fall of 1928, before the trial was deliberated by the jury, and the settlement for each of the Radium Girls was $10,000 (the equivalent of $124,000 in 2009 dollars) and a $600 per year annuity while they lived, and all medical and legal expenses incurred would also be paid by the company.
Scientific impact
Robley D. Evans made the first measurements of exhaled radon and radium excretion from a former dial painter in 1933. At MIT he gathered dependable body content measurements from 27 dial painters. This information was used in 1941 by the National Bureau of Standards to establish the tolerance level for radium of 0.1 Ci (3.7 kBq).
The Center for Human Radiobiology was established at Argonne National Laboratory in 1968. The primary purpose of the Center was providing medical examinations for living dial painters. The project also focused on collection of information, and, in some cases, tissue samples from the radium dial painters. When the project ended in 1993, detailed information of 2,403 cases had been collected. No symptoms were observed in those dial painter cases with less than 1,000 times the natural 226Ra levels found in unexposed individuals, suggesting a threshold for radium-induced malignancies.
Literature and film
The story of the workers was told in the poem "Radium Girls" by Eleanor Swanson, and is included in her collection, A Thousand Bonds: Marie Curie and the Discovery of Radium (2003).
Writer D.W. Gregory also retold the story of Grace Fryer in her award-winning play Radium Girls, which premiered in 2000 at the Playwrights Theatre of New Jersey in Madison, New Jersey.
There is an elaborate reference to this story in the Kurt Vonnegut novel Jailbird.
Poet Lavinia Greenlaw has also written on the subject in her poem "The Innocence of Radium" (Night Photograph, 1994).
Ross Mullner's book, Deadly Glow: The Radium Dial Worker Tragedy describes many of the events preceding and surrounding the Radium Girls' story.
The Radium Girls' story was also depicted by Jo Lawrence in her short animated film "Glow" (2007).
The Radium Girls story is referenced in the film Pu239
The short story "It's Time" by Michael A. Martone is told from the perspective of an unnamed Radium Girl.
A fictionalized version of the Radium Girls was featured in Spike TV's "1000 Ways to Die" on March 22, 2009.
See also
Labor rights
Labor history
Labor law
Susanne Antonetta
United States Radium Corporation
Radium jaw
Radioactive contamination
Phossy jaw
Self-powered lighting
References
Footnotes
^ a b http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=660
^ Kovarik, Bill (Revised 2002). "The Radium Girls". (originally published as chapter eight of Mass Media and Environmental Conflict). RUNet.edu. http://www.radford.edu/~wkovarik/envhist/radium.html. Retrieved on 2007-01-27. 
^ http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl
^ Amazon Online Reader
General references
UMDNJ.edu - 'University Libraries Special Collections: U.S. Radium Corporation, East Orange, NJ', Records, Catalog 1917-1940 (Revised, June, 2003)
Undark and the Radium Girls, Alan Bellows, December 28, 2006, Damn Interesting
Radium Girls, Eleanor Swanson.
Poison Paintbrush, Time, June 4, 1928. "That the world may see streaks of light through the long hours of darkness, Orange, N. J., women hired themselves to the U. S. Radium Corporation."
Radium Women, Time, August 11, 1930. "Five young New Jersey women who were poisoned while painting luminous watch dials for U. S. Radium Corp., two years ago heard doctors pronounce their doom: one year to live."
Categories: Activism | History of labor relations in the United States | Nuclear safety | Radium | History of New JerseyHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008

RF wrinkle removal equipment RF-B
Brushes for cleaning
Brushes used for cleaning come in various sizes, such as very small brushes for cleaning a fine instrument, toothbrushes, the household version that usually comes with a dustpan, or the broomstick. Hallbrooms are even larger and are used for cleaning large areas. Cleaning brushes also include brushes for cleaning vegetables, cleaning the toilet, washing glass, finishing tiles, and sanding doors.
Paintbrushes
 It has been suggested that this article be split into articles entitled Paintbrushes, accessible from a disambiguation page. (Discuss)
Paintbrushes are used for applying ink or paint. These brushes are usually made by clamping the bristles to a handle with a ferrule , portable steam bath .
Short handled brushes are for watercolor or ink painting while the long handled brushes are for oil or acrylic paint. The styles of brush tip seen most commonly are , card magnetic reader .
Round: Long closely arranged bristles for detai , anti shampoo .
Flat: For spreading paint quickly and evenly over a surface. They will have longer hairs than their Bright counterpart.
Bright: Flat brushes with short stiff bristles, good for driving paint into the weave of a canvas in thinner paint applications, as well as thicker painting styles like impasto work.
Filbert: Flat brushes with domed ends. They allow good coverage and the ability to perform some detail work.
Fan: For blending broad areas of paint.
Angle: Like the Filbert, these are versatile and can be applied in both general painting application as well as some detail work.
Mop: A larger format brush with a rounded edge for broad soft paint application as well as for getting thinner glazes over existing drying layers of paint without damaging lower layers.
Rigger: Round brushes with longish hairs, traditionally used for painting the rigging in pictures of ships. They are useful for fine lines and are versatile for both oils and watercolors.
Some other styles of brush include:
Sumi: Similar in style to certain watercolor brushes,also with a generally thick wooden or bamboo handle and a broad soft hair brush that when wetted should form a fine tip.
Hake: An Asian style of brush with a large broad wooden handle and an extremely fine soft hair used in counterpoint to traditional Sumi brushes for covering large areas. Often made of goat hair.
Spotter: Round brushes with just a few short bristles. These brushes are commonly used in spotting photographic prints.
Brush care
The bristles of a sweeping brush
A natural/artificial hair brush utilized in one medium (oil paint, acrylic, watercolor, etc.) should not be used again in a different medium, unless the nature of each medium and accompanying solvent affects the hairs of the brushes differently. Using brushes across media can cause them to age prematurely. This information does not apply to synthetic hair brushes.
Paint and solvent residue should be cleaned from brushes after use. After removing most of the paint from the bristles manually with an appropriate solvent, detergent and water should be used to clean the brush further. After a thorough cleaning, natural hair brushes benefit from using a brush conditioner on the hairs to restore oils. A conditioner can be worked into the bristles which can then be shaped to a point and left to dry. Before the next painting session, the conditioner should be removed with water.
Brushes should not be left bristle-end down in solvent for a prolonged period. Doing so will cause distress to the brush shape and may cause the bristles to splay out and lose their shape. Methods of suspending brushes in solvent include a metal spring, a mesh or a clamp. These grip brush handles and do not allow the bristles of the brush to touch the bottom of the solvent container. Also, leaving brushes in solvent for a prolonged period can cause damage to the bristles themselves by stripping oils and swelling, to the ferrule, to the adhesive used to hold bristles in place, and to the wooden handle.
An environmentally friendly way of removing oil paint from brushes while paint is wet is to immerse the brush in a container containing vegetable oil. The oil will naturally cleanse away the oil paint.
Manufacturing Process of a Brush Handle
The first requirement when manufacturing a cleaning style brush is to start with the brush block. This can vary in wood type, the most commonly used handles comes from maple. Once the wood type is selected it is then cut into planks with in a certain width requirement. Throughout this process workers mark down where the cracks or knots are in the wood and draw a red line across the flaw with a special wax crayon. A laser can read this line as the planks are moved forward, cutting the line with a saw. Shortly after the blocks are cut to the appropriate length, moving on to the shaping of the block known as molding.
Once the wood block is set in place for molding, a series of saws cut the block to the required thickness. A machine called the shaper follows this action. The brush handle is placed in the machine, revolving and slicing away the outside edge. This only cuts away half of the block. To keep in good profile the same actions are done to the opposite side. Each model uses a different shaper machine. The machines must stay sharp for the blocks to remain smooth and accurate. Carbine is used in these machines rather than steel because it is more durable and stronger.
Decorators' brushes
The sizes of brushes used for painting and decorating is given in mm or inches, referring to the width of the head.
Common sizes are:
 in,  in,  in,  in,  in,  in,  in, 1 in, 1 in, 1 in, 2 in, 2 in, 3 in, 3 in, 4 in.
10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm, 60 mm, 70 mm, 80 mm, 90 mm, 100 mm.
Bristles may be natural or synthetic. Natural bristles are preferred for oil-based paints and varnishes, while synthetic brushes are better for water-based paints as the bristles do not expand when wetted.
Handles may be wood or plastic; ferrules are metal (usually nickel-plated steel).
Artists' brushes
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica article Brush.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Brushes
Artists' brushes are usually given numbered sizes, although there is no exact standard for their physical dimensions.
From smallest to largest, the sizes are:
10/0, 7/0 (also written 0000000), 6/0, 5/0, 4/0, 000, 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30. Brushes as fine as 30/0 are manufactured by major companies, but are not a common size.
Sizes 000 to 20 are most common.
Artists' brushes are most commonly categorized by type and by shape.
Types include: watercolor brushes which are usually made of sable, synthetic sable or nylon; oil painting brushes which are usually made of sable or bristle; and acrylic brushes which are almost entirely nylon or synthetic. Turpentine or thinners used in oil painting can destroy some types of synthetic brushes. However, innovations in synthetic bristle technology have produced solvent resistant synthetic bristles suitable for use in all media. Natural hair, squirrel, badger or sable are used by watercolorists due to their superior ability to absorb and hold water.
Shapes include rounds (pointed), flats, brights (shorter than flats) and filbert. Other shapes include stipplers (short, stubby rounds), deer-foot stipplers, liners (elongated rounds), daggers, scripts (highly elongated rounds), egberts and fans.
Bristles may be natural either soft hair or hog bristle or synthetic.
Soft hair brushes are made from Kolinsky sable or ox hair (sabeline); or more rarely, squirrel, pony, goat, mongoose or badger. Cheaper hair is sometimes called camel hair, although it does not come from camels.
Hog bristle (often called china bristle or Chunking bristle) is stiffer and stronger than soft hair. It may be bleached or unbleached.
Synthetic bristles are made of special multi-diameter extruded nylon filament.
Artists' brush handles are commonly wooden but can also be made of molded plastic. Many mass-produced handles are made of unfinished raw wood; better quality handles are of seasoned hardwood. The wood is sealed and lacquered to give the handle a high-gloss, waterproof finish that reduces soiling and swelling.
Metal ferrules may be of aluminum, nickel, copper, or nickel-plated steel. Quill ferrules are also found: these give a different "feel" to the brush. The top of the range brushes, however, usually have ferrules made from transparent plastic tightened in place by thin wire.
See also
Look up brush in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Categories: Tools | Painting materials | Cleaning toolsHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from February 2007 | Articles to be split from July 2009 | All articles to be split

quick hair dry cap www.bucknell.edu/msw3. 
^ Morris, K., Friend, T. & Burbidge, A. (2008). Macroups irma. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. Retrieved on 28 December 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
^ a b Menkhorst, Peter (2001). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia. Oxford University Press. p. 112. 
External links
Department of Environment and Heritage Species Profiles
Dietary preferences of the Black-gloved Wallaby and the Western Grey Kangaroo in Whiteman Park, Perth, W , short wigs .
v  d   , rechargeable hair clippers .
Extant Diprotodontia specie , best eyelash curler .
Kingdom Animalia  Phylum Chordata  Class Mammalia  Infraclass Marsupialia
 
Suborder Vombatiformes
Phascolarctidae
Phascolarctos
Koala (P. cinereus)
Vombatidae
(Wombats)
Vombatus
Common Wombat (V. ursinus)
Lasiorhinus
Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat (L. latifrons)  Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat (L. krefftii)
 
Suborder Phalangeriformes (Possums) (cont. below)
Phalangeridae
(including Cuscuses)
Ailurops
(Bear cuscuses)
Talaud Bear Cuscus (A. melanotis)  Sulawesi Bear Cuscus (A. ursinus)
Phalanger
Gebe Cuscus (P. alexandrae)  Mountain Cuscus (P. carmelitae)  Ground Cuscus (P. gymnotis)  Eastern Common Cuscus (P. intercastellanus)  Woodlark Cuscus (P. lullulae)  Blue-eyed Cuscus (P. matabiru)  Telefomin Cuscus (P. matanim)  Southern Common Cuscus (P. mimicus)  Northern Common Cuscus (P. orientalis)  Ornate Cuscus (P. ornatus)  Rothschild's Cuscus (P. rothschildi)  Silky Cuscus (P. sericeus)  Stein's Cuscus (P. vestitus)
Spilocuscus
Admiralty Island Cuscus (S. kraemeri)  Common Spotted Cuscus (S. maculatus)  Waigeou Cuscus (S. papuensis)  Black-spotted Cuscus (S. rufoniger)  Blue-eyed Spotted Cuscus (S. wilsoni)
Strigocuscus
Sulawesi Dwarf Cuscus (S. celebensis)  Banggai Cuscus (S. pelegensis)
Trichosurus
(Brushtail possums)
Northern Brushtail Possum (T. arnhemensis)  Short-eared Possum (T. caninus)  Mountain Brushtail Possum (T. cunninghami)  Coppery Brushtail Possum (T. johnstonii)  Common Brushtail Possum (T. vulpecula)
Wyulda
Scaly-tailed Possum (W. squamicaudata)
Burramyidae
(Pygmy possums)
Burramys
Mountain Pygmy Possum (B. parvus)
Cercartetus
Long-tailed Pygmy Possum (C. caudatus)  Southwestern Pygmy Possum (C. concinnus)  Tasmanian Pygmy Possum (C. lepidus)  Eastern Pygmy Possum (C. nanus)
 
Suborder Phalangeriformes (Possums) (cont. above)
Tarsipedidae
Tarsipes
Honey Possum (T. rostratus)
Petauridae
Dactylopsila
Great-tailed Triok (D. megalura)  Long-fingered Triok (D. palpator)  Tate's Triok (D. tatei)  Striped Possum (D. trivirgata)
Gymnobelideus
Leadbeater's Possum (G. leadbeateri)
Petaurus
Northern Glider (P. abidi)  Yellow-bellied Glider (P. australis)  Biak Glider (P. biacensis)  Sugar Glider (P. breviceps)  Mahogany Glider (P. gracilis)  Squirrel Glider (P. norfolcensis)
Pseudocheiridae
Hemibelideus
Lemur-like Ringtail Possum (H. lemuroides)
Petauroides
Greater Glider (P. volans)
Petropseudes
Rock-haunting Ringtail Possum (P. dahli)
Pseudocheirus
Common Ringtail Possum (P. peregrinus)
Pseudochirulus
Lowland Ringtail Possum (P. canescens)  Weyland Ringtail Possum (P. caroli)  Cinereus Ringtail Possum (P. cinereus)  Painted Ringtail Possum (P. forbesi)  Herbert River Ringtail Possum (P. herbertensis)  Masked Ringtail Possum (P. larvatus)  Pygmy Ringtail Possum (P. mayeri)  Vogelkop Ringtail Possum (P. schlegeli)
Pseudochirops
D'Albertis' Ringtail Possum (P. albertisii)  Green Ringtail Possum (P. archeri)  Plush-coated Ringtail Possum (P. corinnae)  Reclusive Ringtail Possum (P. coronatus)  Coppery Ringtail Possum (P. cupreus)
Acrobatidae
Acrobates
Feathertail Glider (A. pygmaeus)
Distoechurus
Feather-tailed Possum (D. pennatus)
 
Suborder Macropodiformes (cont. below)
Macropodidae
(includes Wallabies)
Lagostrophus
Banded Hare-wallaby (L. fasciatus)
Dendrolagus
(Tree-kangaroos)
Grizzled Tree-kangaroo (D. inustus)  Lumholtz's Tree-kangaroo (D. lumholtzi)  Bennett's Tree-kangaroo (D. bennettianus)  Ursine Tree-kangaroo (D. ursinus)  Matschie's Tree-kangaroo (D. matschiei)  Doria's Tree-kangaroo (D. dorianus)  Goodfellow's Tree-kangaroo (D. goodfellowi)  Lowlands Tree-kangaroo (D. spadix)  Golden-mantled Tree-kangaroo (D. pulcherrimus)  Seri's Tree-kangaroo (D. stellarum)  Dingiso (D. mbaiso)  Tenkile (D. scottae)
Dorcopsis
Brown Dorcopsis (D. muelleri)  White-striped Dorcopsis (D. hageni)  Black Dorcopsis (D. atrata)  Gray Dorcopsis (D. luctuosa)
Dorcopsulus
Small Dorcopsis (D. vanheurni)  Macleay's Dorcopsis (D. macleayi)
Lagorchestes
Spectacled Hare-wallaby (L. conspicillatus)  Rufous Hare-wallaby (L. hirsutus)
Macropus
(includes Kangaroos
and Wallaroos)
Subgenus Notamacropus: Agile Wallaby (M. agilis)  Black-striped Wallaby (M. dorsalis)  Tammar Wallaby (M. eugenii)  Western Brush Wallaby (M. irma)  Parma Wallaby (M. parma)  Pretty-faced Wallaby (M. parryi)  Red-necked Wallaby (M. rufogriseus)
Subgenus Osphranter: Antilopine Kangaroo (M. antilopinus)  Woodward's Wallaroo (M. bernadus)  Eastern Wallaroo (M. robustus)  Red Kangaroo (M. rufus)
Subgenus Macropus: Western Grey Kangaroo (M. fuliginosus)  Eastern Grey Kangaroo (M. giganteus)
Onychogalea
(Nail-tail wallabies)
Bridled Nail-tail Wallaby (O. fraenata)  Northern Nail-tail Wallaby (O. unguifera)
Petrogale
(Rock-wallabies)
P. brachyotis species-group: Short-eared Rock-wallaby (P. brachyotis)  Monjon (P. burbidgei)  Nabarlek (P. concinna)
P. xanthopus species-group: Proserpine Rock-wallaby (P. persephone)  Rothschild's Rock-wallaby (P. rothschildi)  Yellow-footed Rock-wallaby (P. xanthopus)
P. lateralis/penicillata species-group: Allied Rock-wallaby (P. assimilis)  Cape York Rock-wallaby (P. coenensis)  Godman's Rock-wallaby (P. godmani)  Herbert's Rock-wallaby (P. herberti)  Unadorned Rock-wallaby (P. inornata)  Black-flanked Rock-wallaby (P. lateralis)  Mareeba Rock-wallaby (P. mareeba)  Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby (P. penicillata)  Purple-necked Rock-wallaby (P. purpureicollis)  Mt. Claro Rock-wallaby (P. sharmani)
Setonix
Quokka (S. brachyurus)
Thylogale
(Pademelons)
Tasmanian Pademelon (T. billardierii)  Brown's Pademelon (T. browni)  Dusky Pademelon (T. brunii)  Calaby's Pademelon (T. calabyi)  Mountain Pademelon (T. lanatus)  Red-legged Pademelon (T. stigmatica)  Red-necked Pademelon (T. thetis)
Wallabia
Swamp Wallaby (W. bicolor)
 
Suborder Macropodiformes (cont. above)
Potoroidae
Aepyprymnus
Rufous Rat-kangaroo (A. rufescens)
Bettongia
(Bettongs)
Eastern Bettong (B. gaimardi)  Boodie (B. lesueur)  Woylie (B. penicillata)  Northern Bettong (B. tropica)
Potorous
(Potoroos)
Long-footed Potoroo (P. longipes)  Long-nosed Potoroo (P. tridactylus)  Gilbert's Potoroo (. gilbertii)
Hypsiprymnodontidae
Hypsiprymnodon
Musky Rat-kangaroo (H. moschatus)
 
This Western Australia article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: IUCN Red List least concern species | Macropods | Mammals of Western Australia | Marsupials of Australia | Marsupial stubs | Western Australia stubs

Swiss Made Nano Skin Care
History
The idea behind PatientPak emerged in 2006, when an elderly lady preparing for a stay in hospital asked a friend how she could best protect herself from infection while admitted. They were dismayed to find that there were no commercially available products which would be effective against superbugs such as MRSA. After carrying out considerable research, they selected the most efficacious clinical product available, and repackaged it as a consumer hygiene pack. Over more than two years since then, an extensive research, development and testing programme led by the company Founder and CEO, Rob Gros, has produced the PatientPak in its current form. The former Conservative MP Jonathan Sayeed joined the company in early 2008 as Executive Chairman, with responsibility for developing the business.
Product contents
Antimicrobial Sanitising Wipes
Antimicrobial Hand Sanitising Spra , perfect slim .
Antimicrobial Fabric Spra , multiple card reader .
Antimicrobial Hair and Body Was , electric mens razor .
Soap
Nail-Brush
Face and Body Wipes
Toothbrush
Toothpaste
Lip Balm
Pen
Infection-Control Guide
olite notice from MRSA Action UK
Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAIs)
Main article: Nosocomial infection
Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAIs), in particular uperbugs like MRSA, have become a growing problem for health authorities in the UK over the last few years. MRSA was relatively uncommon through the 1960s and 1970s. The infection rate rose dramatically in the mid-1990s when particular 'epidemic' strains of MRSA became established in hospitals throughout the UK. These strains are easily transmissible (passing between and colonising both patients and hospital staff) and can cause serious disease. 6,381 cases of MRSA were reported in England between April 2006 and March 2007. According to The European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS), which collates HCAI infection data from across Europe, the UK has the 4th highest rate of MRSA in Europe after Portugal, Malta and Greece.
Current estimates of the rate of healthcare associated infections among hospital in-patients in England range from 8.2% to around 10%. It costs the NHS between 4,000 and 10,000 more to treat a patient with an infection, and about 9,000 more to treat a single patient with a superbug infection.
Aims of the product
PatientPak is advertised as having several aims. Chief among these is the idea that the product allows hospital in-patients, who often feel powerless over what happens to them in hospital, to protect themselves. PatientPak are at pains to make clear that while they realise the health services are working hard to cut infection rates, patients can nevertheless contribute to the solution.
Another of PatientPak aims is to raise awareness of the problem of healthcare associated infections and how patients and visitors can contribute to the solution by providing infection-control and hygiene advice. Each PatientPak includes a guide to good hygiene, in the form of an advice leaflet explaining how best to combat superbugs, viruses and bacteria. There is also a bedside notice, which politely requests NHS staff to wash their hands before treating the patient.
Testing and development
The antimicrobial formula contained in PatientPak mediates against resistance by ensuring the widest spectrum of activity; the synergistic mix of quaternary ammonium compounds and the polymeric biguanide each have a completely different mechanism of action. According to the clinical test data, it is proven to kill 99.999% of germs such as MRSA, Norovirus, Avian Influenza (H5N1), E coli, Salmonella, Hepatitis B and C and Campylobacter and is tested in accordance with EN1276, prEN12054, EN1500 and EN1275 European antimicrobial standards.
Use in the NHS
Clinell, the name of the antimicrobial formulation contained in the sanitising wipes, hand sanitising spray, fabric spray and hair and body wash, is extensively used throughout the NHS. Clinell products were submitted to the Health Protection Agency Rapid Review Panel in December 2007 and achieved a recommendation 2. The RRP stated that n use evaluations/trials are now needed in an healthcare setting.
Attention in the UK Parliament
While PatientPak is the only known nti-superbug kit on the UK market, it falls within the more general category of ersonal antimicrobial products. During the current 2008-9 session of the UK Parliament, two Early Day Motions (EDMs) were tabled by MPs calling on the NHS to supply a comprehensive range of personal antimicrobial products to every hospital in-patient as a cost-effective means of reducing healthcare-associated infections.
EDM 348, tabled by Mike Hancock MP and signed by 22 other MPs, states:
That this House regrets that the best estimate the Government has provided for the cost to the NHS of treating and preventing healthcare associated infections (HCAIs) is based on data that is 14 years old; notes that recent reductions in superbug infection rates are modest drops from record high levels; understands that the NHS is considering providing infection-control packs to only those patients who already have MRSA; regrets that such measures are designed to deal with infection rather than prevent it; further notes that it costs up to 10,000 more to treat each patient that contracts an HCAI, which affect an estimated one in 10 patients, and that in consequence the NHS spends up to 1,000 per in-patient on treating HCAIs irrespective of whether the in-patient contracts an infection; believes that, in order to prevent HCAIs, it is essential that the NHS provides a comprehensive range of proven personal antimicrobial products and a guide to infection control to every NHS in-patient; calls upon the Government to, at the very least, undertake widespread trials of such an initiative, report the findings to the House and extend the initiative throughout the NHS if the trial is successful; and recognises that this preventative scheme, if implemented, would cost a small fraction of the amount spent on HCAI treatment.
EDM 356, tabled by Bob Spink MP and signed by 24 other MPs, states:
That this House is concerned that, despite recent falls, infection rates of MRSA, C. difficile, Norovirus and other superbugs remain high, and there is considerable public anxiety about this issue; notes that as everyone can carry and spread superbugs, patients and visitors as well as hospital staff have a part to play in helping to tackle infection; believes that patients should individually be provided with the means and information to protect themselves and others when they go into hospital; and calls upon the Government to provide a comprehensive range of personal antimicrobial products that are proven to kill superbugs and a hygiene guide to every NHS in-patient prior to admission, or as soon after admission as possible as this will help reduce infection rates, empower patients and instill good hygiene practices at a fraction of the financial cost of treating those who contract superbugs.
In addition to the Early Day Motions, several Parliamentary Questions (PQs) have been tabled in the House of Commons asking about the possibility of the NHS providing personal antimicrobial products to be supplied to hospital in-patients.
Advertising and marketing
PatientPak is aimed at hospital in-patients, hospital visitors, and other groups vulnerable to infection such as pregnant women and new mothers, those recovering from injury or surgical procedures, and the elderly. PatientPak was advertised between December 2008 and February 2009 on the London Underground network, with the strapline he battle against superbugs just got personal. Four different adverts were used, featuring variously photographs of a pregnant woman and her daughter, a young child, an old man and a younger, sporty man. Slogans included ust bug off, going to wipe you off the face of my earth, alk to the hand, and going to wipe the floor with you.
Media coverage
PatientPak received a great deal of media attention on its launch in October 2008, with articles and pictures in several major UK newspapers, including The Sun, The Daily Mail, The Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Independent and the London Metro.
Involvement with MRSA Action UK
PatientPak is working with MRSA Action UK, the UK foremost hospital standards pressure group. Derek Butler, the Chairman of MRSA Action UK has said:
While the NHS cannot guarantee to prevent patients contracting an avoidable healthcare infection, patients will look to prevent themselves from contracting healthcare infections by using items like PatientPak. MRSA Action UK believes that preventing patients contracting avoidable infections is always the best solution."
View from the scientific community
Professor Richard James, Professor of Microbiology at the University of Nottingham and Director of the Centre for Healthcare Associated Infections, has voiced support for PatientPak and is quoted on the company website:
This convenient PatientPak kit is a good idea and offers excellent protection against hospital superbugs and viruses. I would give it to my own relatives who are going into hospital, as it far more valuable than a bunch of flowers.
References
^ http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Healthprotection/Healthcareacquiredinfection/Healthcareacquiredgeneralinformation/DH_4093113
^ http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733730106?p=1171991026241
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